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Both short (≤6 h per night) and long sleep duration (≥9 h per night) are associated with increased risk of chronic diseases. Despite evidence linking habitual sleep duration and risk of disease, the genetic determinants of sleep duration in the general population are poorly understood, especially outside of European populations. Here we report that a polygenic score of 78 European ancestry sleep duration SNPs is associated with sleep duration in an African (n = 7288; p = 0.003), an East Asian (n = 13 618; p = 6x10-4), and a South Asian (n = 7485; p = 0.025) genetic ancestry cohort, but not in a Hispanic/Latino cohort (n = 8726; p = 0.71). Furthermore, in a pan-ancestry (N = 483 235) meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for habitual sleep duration, 73 loci are associated with genome-wide statistical significance. Follow-up of five loci (near HACD2, COG5, PRR12, SH3RF1 and KCNQ5) identified expression-QTLs for PRR12 and COG5 in brain tissues and pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric traits. Overall, our results suggest that the genetic basis of sleep duration is at least partially shared across diverse ancestry groups.