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BACKGROUND: Cell Painting, the leading image-based profiling assay, involves staining plated cells with six dyes that mark the different compartments in a cell. Such profiles can then be used to discover connections between samples (whether different cell lines, different genetic treatments, or different compound treatments) as well as to assess particular features impacted by each treatment. Researchers may wish to vary the standard dye panel to assess particular phenotypes, or image cells live while maintaining the ability to cluster profiles overall.

METHODS: In this study, we evaluate the performance of dyes that can either replace or augment the traditional Cell Painting dyes or enable tracking live cell dynamics. We perturbed U2OS cells with 90 different compounds and subsequently stained them with either standard Cell Painting dyes (Revvity), or with MitoBrilliant (Tocris) replacing MitoTracker or Phenovue phalloidin 400LS (Revvity) replacing phalloidin. We also tested the live-cell compatible ChromaLive dye (Saguaro).

RESULTS: All dye sets effectively separated biological replicates of the same sample vs. negative controls (phenotypic activity), although separating from replicates of all other compounds (phenotypic distinctiveness) proved challenging for all dye sets. While individual dye substitutions within the standard Cell Painting panel had minimal impact on assay performance, the live cell dye exhibited distinct performance profiles across different compound classes compared to the standard panel, with later time points more distinct than earlier ones.

DISCUSSION: Substituting MitoBrilliant or Phenovue phalloidin 400LS for standard mitochondrial or actin dyes minimally impacted Cell Painting assay performance. Phenovue phalloidin 400LS offers the advantage of isolating actin features from Golgi or plasma membrane while accommodating an additional 568 nm dye. Live cell imaging, enabled by ChromaLive dye, provides real-time assessment of compound-induced morphological changes. Combining this with the standard Cell Painting assay significantly expands the feature space for enhanced cellular profiling. Our findings provide data-driven options for researchers selecting dye sets for image-based profiling.