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How the brain combines information received independently by the two hemispheres is not fully understood. Here, we describe a non-reciprocal circuit for interhemispheric communication in the mouse binocular visual cortex via anatomically segregated neuronal populations. Callosal projecting neurons (CPNs) receive only weak or no callosal input, whereas callosal receiving neurons (CRNs) make only weak or no callosal projections. Both populations receive direct input from the thalamus. At the cellular level, CRNs have reduced excitability compared to non-CRNs (putative CPNs) due to higher Kv1 potassium channel expression (encoded by the KCNA2 gene), with excitability of CRNs correlating with the magnitude of callosal input. Functionally, CRNs are predominantly binocular, with binocularity correlating with callosal input, whereas non-CRNs (putative CPNs) are predominantly monocular. In summary, we find that non-reciprocal callosal projections between CPNs and CRNs together with differences in excitability shaped by callosal input underlie interhemispheric communication in binocular visual cortex.