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In the primer, we will introduce the basics of how the adaptive immune system recognizes diseased cells and see that immune responses rely on the ability of cytotoxic T cells to identify and eliminate cells that display disease-associated antigens bound to specific cell-surface receptors (the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules). We will discuss how this mechanism extends to cancer, what are some strategies by which tumors evade immune detection, and what are the therapeutic interventions that can boost immune clearance of tumors.