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Metabolites produced by the gut microbiome influence host metabolic health, but how this occurs remains incompletely defined. Here, we report that a common human gut commensal, , converts dietary fats into bioactive metabolites that induce gut hormone production to affect glucose metabolism and suppress appetite. We found that colonization with correlated with healthier eating behaviors in humans. encodes a unique acyl transferase and is capable of producing acyl amines from nutrient substrates. These acyl amines stimulated human enteroendocrine cells to secrete GLP-1 and other gut peptide hormones more potently than endogenously produced acyl amines. When fed to mice, acyl amines improved glycemic control and decreased appetite. In humans, higher stool levels of DNA encoding acyl amine synthesis genes correlated with leanness and decreased dietary fat intake. These results define a mechanism of action for how affects host metabolic control.